Electronic waste, or e-waste, refers to discarded electronic devices such as computers, smartphones, televisions, and other household appliances that have reached the end of their useful life. E-waste is a growing environmental concern due to its toxic components, such as lead, mercury, and cadmium, which can contaminate soil and water if not properly disposed of. Research in this area focuses on finding sustainable methods for recycling and disposing of e-waste, as well as developing more eco-friendly electronic products that generate less waste. Additionally, researchers are investigating the social and economic implications of e-waste, including the impact on developing countries where much of the world's e-waste is shipped for recycling.